Which characteristic describes learning as intentional and directed toward a goal?

The characteristic that describes learning as intentional and directed toward a goal is 'purposeful.' Purposeful learning involves a clear objective or aim, meaning that the learner actively engages in the process with specific outcomes in mind. This type of learning is structured and often involves planning, practice, and self-assessment as the learner seeks to achieve their desired goal.

In contrast, random, spontaneous, and passive forms of learning lack this intentionality and goal orientation. Random learning occurs without a specific focus, making it less effective in achieving defined objectives. Spontaneous learning may arise from curiosity or external stimuli but is not driven by a targeted intent. Lastly, passive learning involves receiving information without active engagement or interaction, which can lead to superficial understanding rather than a deeper comprehension of the subject matter. This is why 'purposeful' is the most appropriate term to describe goal-directed learning.