Which factors contribute to increased drag during takeoff?

Increased drag during takeoff can be significantly influenced by greater mass and ground friction. When an aircraft is heavier, it typically requires more thrust to overcome gravity and achieve flight. This increased thrust can cause the aircraft to experience higher induced drag, which is a result of increased lift demands that come with a higher weight.

In addition to mass, ground friction can also play a considerable role. When an aircraft is taxing on the ground, the friction between its tires and the runway surface can create drag that must be overcome during the takeoff roll. This friction is especially pronounced on rough or wet surfaces, further contributing to increased drag.

Other factors, like altitude and speed, can have different effects on drag. For instance, while higher altitude can reduce air density and subsequently decrease induced drag, increased speed typically results in an increase in drag due to increased friction and drag from airflow. Therefore, while each factor mentioned in the question can contribute to drag in some way, the combination of greater mass and ground friction directly correlates to increased drag during the takeoff phase.