Which of the following is NOT included in the preflight action for runway incursion avoidance?

The preflight action for runway incursion avoidance focuses on elements that directly contribute to situational awareness and safe navigation at an airport. Understanding airport signage is crucial as it helps pilots interpret the various signs that indicate runways, taxiways, and any pertinent information about the airport layout. Checking NOTAMs (Notices to Airmen) is another vital action since these provide updated information on the operational status of runways, taxiways, and other critical airport data that could affect safety.

Studying the airport diagram is also important as it allows pilots to have a visual representation of the airport layout, helping them plan their taxi routes and navigate efficiently without confusion or errors.

While understanding runway slope is relevant information for takeoff and landing performance calculations, it does not directly contribute to runway incursion avoidance tactics. Therefore, it is not part of the essential preflight actions pilots take to avoid runway incursions.