Which theory emphasizes the relationship between behavior and prior rewards or punishments?

The theory that emphasizes the relationship between behavior and prior rewards or punishments is behaviorism. This psychological perspective focuses on observable behaviors and the ways in which they are learned through interactions with the environment. Behaviorism operates on the principle that all behaviors are a response to external stimuli, and it emphasizes the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior.

In this framework, rewards can strengthen a behavior, making it more likely to occur again in the future, while punishments can decrease the likelihood of a behavior recurring. This principle is foundational in learning and teaching, particularly in aviation training, where instructors use reinforcement strategies to promote safe and effective piloting behaviors.

Cognitive theory, on the other hand, focuses on internal mental processes and how they influence behavior but does not emphasize rewards and punishments directly. Constructivism is concerned with how learners actively construct their understanding and knowledge of the world, often through experiences and reflections, rather than focusing primarily on behavioral responses to stimuli. Gestalt theory emphasizes the idea of individuals perceiving entire patterns or configurations rather than merely focusing on the sum of parts, which does not directly relate to behavior modified by rewards and punishments.